Operation Management in McDonalds in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2891 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1.0 Operation Management 3 This report focuses on the subject of Operation Management where the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia will be used as the real-life example to illustrate and explain the distinct mechanics and elements present within Operation Management. To obtain the data and information necessary to accomplish this report, the non-participant observation method was utilized by the author to gather primary data while secondary data was mostly sourced through online sources. This report will comprise of two main sections, where the first being focused on understanding McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current operational standards and activities so as to identify any potential operational improvements for smoother and quicker procedure for food preparation as well as to provide a better service experience. On the other hand, the latter is concerned with establishing and understanding the roles and responsibilities held by the manager in the selected branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s as well as to analyze and diagnose any challenges that are currently being faced so as to propose a suitable solution for matter at hand. The findings of this report provide an insight into the operation management and the standard operational activities carried out within McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malaysia. Besides that, steps which can be taken to improve upon the current operational standards of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to ensure a smooth were discussed along with providing solutions and recommendations for the overcoming the challenges that were identified. As seen in the case of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, proper operation management is crucial in ensuring the success of any organization in effectively carrying out its standard operational activities as well as ensuring the activities are done efficiently to reduce and eliminate wastages of resources and time, which ultimately would then further bolster the organ izationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability and boost its overall competiveness. Table of Contents Order: Title: Page No: 1.0 Operation Management 3 2.0The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia 3 4 2.1Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Leading Quick-Service Restaurant Brand 4 2.2 The Operations Function of McDonalds 4 2.3 The Speedee Service System 4 5 2.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just-in-Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the Modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 5 6 2.5 Recommendation for Improvement 6 7 3.0 Operation Managers 7 3.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Operation Managers 7 8 3.2 Overcoming Operational Issues as a Manager 8 9 4.0 Conclusion 9 5.0 References 10 11 1.0 Introduction Operation Management can be defined as the administration of business activities that are concerned with the conversions of inputs (resources such as labor and raw materials) into outputs (good and services) in achieving the highest level of efficiency to maximize the profitability of the organization (Kamauff, 2010). Hence in a nutshell, Operation Management is the managerial activity that is concerned with streamlining the activities involved in the production of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods and services to enhance the overall efficiency of the organization through the use of effective planning, sourcing and management of inventory and production. The roots of Operation Management can be traced back to Frederick Taylorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of scientific management in the early 1910s, where the subject of Operation Management has since grown to incorporate other elements such as the Six Sigma, Toyotaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Lean Manufacturing and the Kanban (JIT) production systems (Shim and Siegel, 1999). In this report, the McDonalds Corporation will be used as a real-life example to illustrate the principals and elements present within the subject of Operation Management. The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlets selected fo r this report would be the one located at Jalan Mustapha Al-Bakry in town and the branch at Persiaran Kuala Kangsar respectively, where the author used the non-participant observation approach to obtain the necessary information to accomplish this report. The outlet located in town was chosen as this is the oldest branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in Ipoh while the other branch is selected to identify any potential variations in its operational patterns between the two. 2.0 The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation in Malaysia The McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation is one of if not the most famous hamburger and fast food chains across the globe, with more than 35,000 outlets across 119 countries. According to its official website, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first began its humble existence as a hamburger/barbeque drive-in restaurant operated by the two McDonald brothers in California in the early 1940s, and it wasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t until 1955 when Ray Kroc partne red with the brothers and established the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation as the modern franchising business. In 1982 McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opened its first branch in Malaysia at Jalan Bukit Bintang, and currently has a total of 250 branches throughout the country which serves an average of 13 million customers on a monthly basis. The success of the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Corporation can be attributed to several factors, where one of the main factors involved would be its highly efficient Operation Management function and systems as well as the constant improvements in its operations. 2.1 Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Leading Quick-Service Restaurant Brand As with any fast-food restaurant, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s specializes on providing Low Cost, High Volume, High Speed products with a strong focus on providing its customers with efficient and responsive services. Hence to differentiate itself from competitors such as KFC, Wendyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Burger King, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aims to be the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leading quick-service restaurant. In order for McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to achieve its goals, it would need to have to structure and manage its operations in a specific manner which will be analyzed in the following sections. 2.2 The Operations Function of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s The term Operation Management is normally associated with the activity of managing an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources that is used to produce and deliver its good and services, while the term Operation Function is more specific in the sense that it signifies the specific part of overseeing and controlling the activities producing the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goods and services (Collins, 2008). To ensure a complete understanding of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Operation Functions, the early Speedee System and its modernized à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“JITà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  system will be explained and analyzed in the fol lowing paragraph. 2.3 McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speedee Service Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The origin of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation management function can be traced back to its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speedee Service Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which was built for the sole emphasis of speed, volume and lowering costs that was incorporated into McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in 1948 (Highwayhost.org, 2015). Prior to the introduction of the Speedee Service System, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational pattern was similar to other dine-in and drive-ins that employed a host of carhops and waitresses as well as hiring skilled short-order cooks. The operational costs involved such as wages as well as the need to constantly replace the short-order cooks which were in huge demand at that time lead to the McDonalds brothers to come up with the Speedee Service System. The Speedee Service System reconfigured the entire procedure of food preparation and changed it to somethin g which is similar to that of an assembly line, where one employee would specialize in cooking the burger patties while another prepares the French fries, thus eliminating the bottle-neck that was previously faced when a single chef is required to prepare both items (Schlosser, 2001). In addition to that, the Speedee System eliminated the need for waitresses and car-hops and introducing the Customer Self-Service system which further reduces McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operational costs, thus increasing its efficiency and lowered the prices of its products, ultimately increasing the number of customers. In its essence, the Speedee Service System revolutionized the restaurant businesses were done and became the precursor for the modern operation management function that is being practiced in McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s today. 2.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Just in Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the Modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s As with the Speedee Service System, the modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily operations function emphasizes on the need for efficient workflow processes to minimize the occurances of delays, bottlenecks and unnecessary procedures which will impede its performance. To effectively do so, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focuses on managing its food preparation processes to account for every second, as service time is the single most crucial factor for customer satisfaction within the fast-food industry (Dentch, 2009). True to its motto of Fast Service and Fast Food, the modern McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s system functions in the manner where a customer places an order and pays at the counter, and then the order will be prepared by other staffs within a short time frame. As McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s targeted service time is to be not more than 90 seconds, its operation functions and process workflow is structured in a manner where there is minimal bottlenecks; there are dedicated staffs who handle specific roles such as one employee who cooks t he burger patties, another who applies the sauce and seasoning to the burger buns and another who will then finally prepare the finished burger and package into its box and then serve it to the customer (Wilson, 2015). The other food items such as it French fries, soft drinks and deserts will have their own specialized workstations/departments where these items can be prepared independently, hence cutting down on waiting time. With such systems in place, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s is able to effectively serve its customers on a timely basis and incorporating a just-in-time (JIT) approach to its food preparation process, it ensures that the food remains fresh and unnecessary wastage or spoilage of food is avoided ultimately. As explained in the book Making Fast Food, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations functions that incorporates the just-in-time (JIT) system and multi-function workers has granted McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s an effective means of mass producing its foods in a way that is not only uniformed and consistent across all its branches but also guarantees a quick and efficient service experience to its customers (Reiter, 1991). 2.5 Recommendations for Improvement Based on the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observation, the standard operational standards of the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s branches located at Jalan Mustapha Al-Bakry can be furthered improved by eliminating the bottlenecks effect present in the area of its service time. A bottleneck effect can be explained as the specific part or stage of a process where the capacity is at its lowest, which could be due to factors such as a long processing time which then acts as the weakest link in the entire process (Terwiesch, 2014). In the case of that particular McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the main bottleneck being faced would be its point of service during peak hours as there ratio of counters to the total number of customers in queue is out of balanced. For example, it is not uncommon t o see more than ten customers lining up behind a single queue and many a times multiple customers who have already paid for their food can be seen hanging around while still waiting for specific items such as their French fries to be prepared. To an extent this bottleneck can be somewhat minimized by the presence of a dedicated drive-thru counter which radically cuts down the length of queue when comparing the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s at Jln Kuala Kangsar to the older branch in town that doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t offer the drive-thru service. The comparison was made by the author by benchmarking the total time taken for both branches to serve a customer as well as how long it takes for the queue to clear during peak hours. Other than to incorporate a drive-thru into its operations, the McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in town will be able to eliminate its bottleneck by increasing the number of point of sales (counters) so that more customers can be served at the same time. The only downside of this would be the possibility of the extra counters becoming redundant when there isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t enough customers at hand. As for faster food preparation, hiring additional staffs would be a critical step in reducing the total customer waiting time as based on the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s observation, the major contributor to customer waiting time would be slowdowns caused by insufficient staff in preparing certain food items. For example, at times there is only a single staff that has to juggle between frying the French fries and manning the counter which then creates a bottleneck in the entire process when he or she is unable to finish preparing the fries when the rest of the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s set meal is ready. 3.0 Operation Managers As with Operation Management and Operations Function, the Operation Managers play a critical role in ensuring the effectiveness the of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation as these managers are responsi ble for the management of the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s resources that is part of the Operations Functions. 3.1 Roles and Responsibility of Operation Manager Within each branch of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s there will be at least two managers; a general manager/restaurant manager and an assistant manager where each will their own roles and responsibilities which will be discussed below. The general manager/restaurant manager plays the all important role of controlling and overseeing the restaurantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily operations and ensuring that the outlet and all its activities are running as smoothly as possible. In addition to that, the general manager is also in charge of other aspects such as controlling the profitability and sales as well as optimizing the management of the restaurant, human resources and team management in their respective stores (McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta, 2015). On the other hand, an assistant managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role would be to assist the general manager in his or her management tasks and plays the important role of filling in for the general manager and running the restaurant should the general manager be absent. The specific role of assistant managers would be to supervise the training and recruitment efforts as well as to ensure that the quality levels and safety level is up to standards as well as to carry out sales forecasts and to analyze operational standards and results. In addition to the general manager and the assistant manager, larger branches would have a dedicated shift manager who is tasked with ensuring that everything is in order during their shift and to keep track of the outletà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inventory levels and maintenance of equipment (McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta, 2015). Diagram: Sourced from McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Malta (2015) 3.2 Overcoming Operational Issues as a Manager As discussed in the previous section, the issues that are being faced in the selected McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s can be overcome through effective operational planning of the manager. To prevent problems such as insufficient or inadequate number of staff during peak hours, the manager should consider hiring additional number of staffs to cope with the increase in number of customers during the its peak hours. As the crowd usually tends to gather from 12pm to 3pm in the afternoon and from 6pm to 9pm, the manager can effectively schedule and arrange for an extra staff or two to come in to work at these times to work on a shift basis. With the sufficient number of staff, the operations of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will be efficient and the bottlenecks that were mentioned in the previous section can be effectively eliminated. A long term solution to the problem would be to restructure the working schedule of the employees where there will be more employee working during peak hours. 4.0 Conclusion In a nutshell, Operation management safeguards the succe ss of an organization by effectively overseeing and controlling the standard operational activities to ensure that these activities are done in an efficient manner to reduce and eliminate wastages of resources and time, which ultimately would then further bolster the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability and boost its overall competiveness. As seen in the report, Operation Management plays a vital role in ensuring the long term and sustainable success of any organization, where the usage of the example of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proves itself to be a testament to the effectiveness of proper operation management and operations functions and its impact on the organization. Hence it can be said that without any form of proper operation management, McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s would have been a far cry from the global fast-food giant that it is today. 5.0 References Aboutmcdonalds.com, (2015).History of McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s :: AboutMcDonalds.com. [online] Availab le at: https://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcdonalds-history.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Collins, K. (2008).Exploring business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Dentch, C. (2009).McDonaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Speeds Orders by Seconds to Keep Customers (Update3) Bloomberg. [online] Bloomberg.com. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=aGL2uS5ybOyk [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Highwayhost.org, (2015).Mcdonalds Self-Service System: page 1 of 7. [online] Available at: https://www.highwayhost.org/Mcdonalds/mcdonalds1.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Kamauff, J. (2010).Managers guide to operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill. McDonalds Malta, (2015).A Closer Look to Each Role | McDonalds Malta. [online] Available at: https://mcdonalds.com.mt/employment/a-closer-look-at-each-profession [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Mcdonalds.com, (2015).Our People :: McDonalds.com. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/careers /our_people.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Mcdonalds.com.my, (2015).Im lovin it! McDonalds ® Malaysia | History. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com.my/about_us/corporate_info/history.aspx [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. Reiter, E. (1991).Making fast food. Montreal [Que.]: McGill-Queens University Press. Schlosser, E. (2001).Fast food nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Shim, J. and Siegel, J. (1999).Operations management. Hauppauge, NY: Barrons Educational Series. Slack, N., Chambers, S. and Johnston, R. (2010).Operations management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Terwiesch, C. (2014).Operations Management Basics: Capacity, bottleneck, process capacity, flow rate and utilization. [online] Scn.sap.com. Available at: https://scn.sap.com/community/uac/learning-center/blog/2014/08/28/operations-management-basics-capacity-bottleneck-process-capacity-flow-rate-and-utilization [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Understanding Operations Management. (2011) . 1st ed. [ebook] Saylor.Org. Available at: https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/BUS300-1.1_Understanding-Operations-Management.pdf [Accessed 1 Jun. 2015]. Wilson, T. (2015).Mass-produced Food HowStuffWorks. [online] HowStuffWorks. Available at: https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/fast-food1.htm [Accessed 2 Jun. 2015]. Workflow101s Blog, (2009).McDonalds and Workflow: Every second counts. [online] Available at: https://workflow101.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/mcdonalds-and-workflow-every-second-counts/ [Accessed 3 Jun. 2015]. 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About Charles Follen McKim, Architect of the Gilded Age

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CUFM MIDTERM Spring 2004 Online Essay Example For Students

CUFM MIDTERM Spring 2004 Online Essay This exam is short answer/essay. Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Feel free to use the book. When you are done, return via emailor email attachment. Chapter I Why, for the major industrial powers, are knowledge and information key ingredients for creating wealth?In todays world, knowledge and information are very important if you want to make it to the top. For major industrial powers, these key ingredients are a necessity. Its a fast pace world and if you want to hang with the big dogs you need to do things fast and efficient. Being up to date with the current technologies can make business more efficient and helps the major industrial powers to maximize their profits. How has the Internet and Internet technology transformed business?The Internet and internet technology has multiplied every aspect of business. The Internet offers the chance to do business globally from almost any location. Information can be exchanged anywhere in less than a second. Consumers can buy anything they want from around the world in a matter of minutes. The Internet has completely changed the face of the word business. What exactly is an information system?An information system is interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. Chapter IIDefine the term business processes and list at least one example of each one in the four areas of manufacturing/production, sales/marketing, finance/ accounting, and human resources. Business processes are the unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce a product or service. One for manufacturing/ production would be an assembly line. One for sales/marketing would be focus groups. One for finance/accounting would be computer the system of credits and debits. One for Human Resources would beemployee assessment. Describe supply chain management and list the major entities in the supply chain and the function of each of them. Supply Chain management is the integration of supplier, distributor, and customer logistics requirements into one cohesive process. The supplier, such as manufacturing plants send the product to distribution centers such as retail outlets. People and information which are linked together sell the product to the customer/consumer. Chapter IIIHow can businesses use information systems as an competitive advantage? (Give four types or examples.)There are many ways in which businesses can use information systems as a competitive advantage. Strategic computer systems change goals, operations, products, services or environmental relationships to help the organization gain a competitive advantage. Information technology can reduce agency costs because it makes it easier for managers to oversee a greater number of employees. If more information is given to middle managers through computerization, the need for large numbers of lower-level workers is usually reduced. Also, the ability to pitch to smaller target markets is one advantage of information systems. Why is it necessary for the manager to understand the particular organization itself before attempting to develop information systems for its use?The manager needs to understand the particular organization itself before attempting to develop information systems because it plays a major role in how the information system would work. The manager needs to know what information systems the organization has used previously and what training employees have had in using them. If a manager were to create a system that seemed like a foreign language to employees, it would cause major disarray for the organization. Chapter IVDescribe the four categories of electronic commerce and give an example of each one. .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .postImageUrl , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:hover , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:visited , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:active { border:0!important; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:active , .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1 .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u168d3960ca61946a173798f171f4b3e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Forced Air Induction Essayo Business-business: Using networks to place orders, receive invoices and make payments; the well established form of EDI that typically uses EDI o Business-consumer: Effectively electronic retailing. Gaining popularity with the World Wide Web for example, through various electronic shopping malls o Business-administration: Transactions between companies and government organizations; currently in its infancy; examples include government procurement tenders (in the USA), and potentially for VAT reruns and payment of corporate taxes o Consumer-administration: Still to emerge, but could include self-assessed tax returns and welfare payments on-line H ow can Internet technology support electronic business and supply chain management?Internet technology gives electronic business and supply chain management a medium to operate. As Internet technology advances and becomes more efficient, so does