Nothing Like the Sun (1964) by Anthony Burgess

Anthony Burgess’s Nothing Like the Sun (1964) is a highly fascinating, albeit fictional, re-telling of Shakespeare’s love life. In 234 pages, Burgess manages to introduce his reader to a young Shakespeare developing into manhood and clumsily fumbling his way through his first sexual escapade with a woman, through Shakespeare’s long, famed (and contested) romance with Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton and, ultimately, to Shakespeare’s final days, the establishment of The Globe theater, and Shakespeare’s romance with â€Å"The Dark Lady.†    Burgess has a command for language.  It is difficult not to be impressed and a little awed by his skill as a story-teller and an imagist.  While, in typical fashion, he does tend to break-off at points of leisurely prose into something more Gertrude Steine-like (stream of consciousness, for example), for the most part he keeps this novel in finely tuned form. This will be nothing new for readers of his best known work, A Clockwork Orange (1962). There is an exceptional arc to this story, which carries the reader from Shakespeare’s boyhood, to his death, with common characters interacting regularly and to an end result.  Even the minor characters, such as Wriothesley’s secretary, are well-established and easily identifiable, once they have been described.   Readers might also appreciate the references to other historical figures of the time and how they affected Shakespeare’s life and works. Christopher Marlowe, Lord Burghley, Sir Walter Raleigh, Queen Elizabeth I, and â€Å"The University Wits† (Robert Greene, John Lyly, Thomas Nashe and George Peele) all appear in or are referenced throughout the novel. Their works (as well as works of the Classicists – Ovid, Virgil; and the early dramatists – Seneca, etc) are clearly defined in relation to their impact on Shakespeare’s own designs and interpretations.  This is highly informative and simultaneously entertaining. Many will enjoy being reminded of how these playwrights competed and worked together, of how Shakespeare was inspired, and by whom, and of how politics and the time period played an important role in the successes and failures of the players (Greene, for instance, died sickly and shamed; Marlowe hunted down as an atheist; Ben Jonson’s imprisoned for treasonous writing, and Nashe having escaped from England for the same).   That being said, Burgess takes much creative, though well-researched, license with Shakespeare’s life and the details of his relationship with various people.  For instance, while many scholars believe â€Å"The Rival Poet† of â€Å"The Fair Youth† sonnets to be either Chapman or Marlowe due to circumstances of fame, stature, and wealth (ego, essentially), Burgess breaks from the traditional interpretation of â€Å"The Rival Poet† to explore the possibility that Chapman was, in fact, a rival for Henry Wriothesley’s attention and affection and,  for this reason, Shakespeare became jealous and critical of Chapman.   Similarly, the ultimately under-established relationships between Shakespeare and Wriothesley, Shakespeare and â€Å"The Dark Lady† (or Lucy, in this novel), and Shakespeare and his wife, are all largely fictional.  While the novel’s general details, including historical happenings, political and religious tensions, and rivalries between the poets and the players are all well envisioned, readers must be careful not to mistake these details for fact.   The story is well written and enjoyable. It is also a fascinating glimpse at history of this particularly time period.   Burgess reminds the reader of many of the fears and prejudices of the time, and seems to be more critical of Elizabeth I than Shakespeare himself was.  It is easy to appreciate Burgess’s cleverness and subtlety, but also his openness and candor in terms of sexuality and taboo relationships.   Ultimately, Burgess wants to open the reader’s mind to the possibilities of what could have happened but is not often explored. We might compare Nothing Like the Sun to others in the â€Å"creative nonfiction† genre, such as Irving Stone’s Lust for Life (1934). When we do, we must concede the latter to be more honest to the facts as we know them, whereas the former is a bit more adventurous in scope.  Overall, Nothing Like the Sun is a highly informative, enjoyable read offering an interesting and valid perspective on Shakespeare’s life and times.

A school uniform is an identifying, standardized outfit or...

A school uniform is an identifying, standardized outfit or style of dress worn specifically for an educational institution, they dictate the schools â€Å"dress code†. Generally, uniforms when used enhances uniformity among the students, irrespective of their financial status, race, and color or fashion preference; it improves the learning environment, and instils discipline; reduces security threats and thus enhances safety. Over the years, the educational system has been marred with gang related violence, bullying, safety issues, indecent dressing, and lack of discipline. The implementation of mandatory school uniform policy has a positive result via the reduction in gang problems, enhancement of school security, improved†¦show more content†¦With all students having to wear the same outfit, students of low economic status will not feel out of place, under-dressed or insecure among their rich mates wearing name brands and designer labels. Thus competition is reduced and students’ self-esteem and morale will be boosted. Once the issue of competition and fashion consciousness is overruled with a common uniform for all, students tend to increase their focus on studies. Incidence of theft is greatly reduced because there is no temptation to steal an expensive jacket or apparel of a fellow student, since all wear the same thing, the uniform. Certainly the issue of gang can never be overruled in a school environment, membership is often associated with specific style of dressing like wearing baggy pants, adorning bandana, caps with gang symbol, colored shoe laces, boys wearing a particular shape of earing, etc. Wearing clothes of specific colors, having imprints of emblems and insignia on jackets and t-shirts are also paraphernalia that are typical of gang members. Students who do not belong but adorn a shirt that has a color related to a gang can be a subject of attack from rival gang. Consequently with school uniform, the problem related to gang focused dressing is eliminated thus creating a safe learning environment. Significantly, wearing school uniform reduces indecent dressing/exposure which results from female students wearing spaghetti strapped tops,Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-EvaluationRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Hence it can be surmised that marketing is basically meeting unmet needs for target markets, identifying those unmet needs and planning how to meet them through products, services, and ideas. Communicating the value to them along with pricing which is affordable and profitable and also distributing the products so that cus tomers have appropriate accessibilityRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesearnings-partly because they lack the information and insight to understand the firm s strategic vision, and partly because they cannot evaluate intangible assets. As a result, managers are motivated to make current performance look good. b. Management style itself is dominated by a short-term orientation. Annual budgeting systems usually emphasize short-term sales, costs, and profits. As a result, brand-building programs are often sacrificed in order to meet these targets. Planning is too often an exerciseRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesthe so-called classical management theories that emerged around the turn of the 20th century. These include scientiï ¬ c management, which focuses on matching people and tasks to maximize efï ¬ ciency, and administrative management, which focuses on identifying the principles that will lead to the creation of the most efï ¬ cient system of organization and management. Next, we consider behavioral management theories developed both before and after World War II; these focus on how managers should lead andRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pages Alas, by 2008 as an economic downturn hit the country, Starbucks’s fortunes worsened and its charmed growth path became rocky. HOWARD SCHULTZ Howard Schultz rose from humble beginnings in Brooklyn. He was a quarterback at Canarsie High, a school so poor it didn’t even have a football field. Northern Michigan University offered him a football scholarship, and he was out of Brooklyn at last. But he couldn’t make the team, and resorted to bartending and selling his blood to make ends meet

Introduction to Management A case study on COST

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Management for A case study on COST. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to excavate the role of the team leaders in managing the employees in the organization. There are several theories, which are helping the management of the organization; specially the leaders of the organization to, who motivate the employees. Employees can be motivated with the help of several theories. Here the researcher is trying to depict the issues between the employees and employers in the organization (Alexander et al., 2005). Employees are the key stakeholder of the organization and it is the sole responsibility of the management of the organization to motivate the employees so that they can put their best in accomplishing the goals. Several leadership styles are going to be discussed here and employees need help of the employers or the leaders. On the other hand, choosing right leadership style is also the discussion of the paper. Leadership style is entirely based on the situation of the organization. Conflict is the integral part of the organi zation in between the employees and employers (Blanchard, et al, 2005). To resume the conflict in the organization, it is necessary for the management or the leaders of the organization have to adopt strategies. Among the several other strategies, leadership strategies are the best one. Overview of the company COST is the subsidiary of the international oilfield services company. The organization is specialized in supplied technology. On the other hand, the organization is running their operations based on the data management system in the organization. Data management helps in optimizing the recovery of the price of oil in Alberta, Colordo and Utah (Casimir, 2001). Day by day, the price of the oil is skyrocketed. The supply is limited so the oil companies can increase the price of oil according to their wish. COST facilitates the energy organization to maintain the higher productivity and enhances the profit percentage of the oil companies. It helps in improving the productivity from oil shale production (Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). Problem of the organization Alike any other companies, the organizational structure of the COST is divided into two different groups one is trained staffs and other is low skilled staffs. The prime problem of the organization is lies in the clash between the employees. Often it is found that semi skilled or low skilled staffs are unable to execute the command of the leaders or highly skilled staffs or skilled employees. Highly trained staffs include geologists, geophysicists and engineers (Cook, 2009). Due to the over power of the highly skilled staffs, often it is seen that semi-skilled employees are getting offended. Highly skilled staffs or the experienced staffs are unable to dictate their staffs properly so that they cannot execute their work properly. Solution to the problem There are several proposed solutions to this; among several solutions, the management of the organization is mainly concentrated on the implementation of the leadership theory. Two types of leadership theories have been adopted to mitigate the challenges of the organization. There is a clash between the skilled and non-skilled staffs (Donnellon, 2006). Therefore, the management of the organization has engaged two different staffs from various categories for mitigating this issue. Organization has engaged one new employee and other skilled employees for solving this issue. Engaging two employees from different skill set helps the management to understand the perspective of the employees and perspective of the employers. Cross Functional teams in Alberta Before going deep into the study, it is necessary to understand the definition of the cross-functional team. The meaning of the cross-functional team is there are several teams in the organization, which are working in different sectors of the organization but working for common set of goals. COST has implemented Carlos Debrito and Howard for managing the cross-functional activities in the organization. Howard is appointed in the organization for implementation of teamwork and Carlos Debrito is the experienced employee of the organization, who had served in every department of the organization (DuBrin, 2005). Fireside Chats In case of the Fireside Chats, Roosevelt in early 1933, the president of America was trying to motivate the people of nation so that they can fight back against the Great Depression of the 1930 and World War II (1939-45). Roosevelt had depicted30 speeches and delivered those speeches through t broadcast via radio and television (Glanz, 2002). The speeches had been delivered to the staffs from the banking and unemployment. Millions of people feel comfortable through the speeches and regain their energy to fight. Problem Busting Team In case of the problems-busting team, often the leaders or managers facilitate the employees to choose their own leaders. It is the best way to engage the employees in the organizational work process (Kantharia, 2015). There are myriad of different scenarios ad teamwork is the only solution to this. Development of the problem-busting team is dependent on the participation of everyone in the team. On the other hand, development of temporary team is based on the identification of the problems in the Fireside Chats. Stages of team development With the help of the Tuckmans team development, the states of team development can be identified. There are four stages of team development, Forming: At this stage, employees are basically curious, so the leaders have to play a dominant role to move the employees towards organizational goals (Kendrick, 2012). Storming: Conflict arises when the employers are trying to push to break the boundary of forming stage and the clash occurs. Leaders have to handle them with care. Norming: In this stage, employees have started to adopt the strength and weakness of others. They state to mitigate their differences and appreciate each other. Performing: This step helps the employees to work hard Besides Tuckman, COST is following Fireside Chats and Problem-Busting Teams for solving their issues in the organization. In case of Fireside Chats, the leaders engage every employee in the meeting so that they feel that they are the active part of the organization. In this meeting all the employees are invited and the place of the meeting can be cafeteria or restaurant (Marques, 2007). The objective of this meeting is to deliver a relax ambiance to the employees so that they can discuss their problems with the team leaders. On the other hand, Problem Busting team is entirely based on the identified problems of the Fireside Chats. In this stage, leaders are trying to provide training to the employees and build team (Parker, 2009). Training assists the employees to understand that they should work in COST jointly. 2. Debrito, as the senior employee of the organization is playing a significant role in the organization. He is entitled to manage success of COST in Alberta. By cumulating two types of theories, Debrito focuses on the productivity of the organization (Proehl, 2007). For managing the work-processes in the organization, Debrito has decided to focus on the Democratic leadership approach. This theory helps to manage the employees effectively, it provides chances to the employees so that they can take active part in the decision making process of the organization (Transformational Leadership: The Emerging Leadership Style of Successful Entrepreneurs, 2015). Taking part in the decision making process of the organization increase the chance of loyalty and decrease the chance of conflict between the labor and professionals. When it came to develop the problem-busting teams, Howard though that the best idea is to let the employees choose their own leaders. it increases the chance of involvement and commitment among the worker of Colorado. The leaders of Colorado are going to provide same training, which have been provided in Alberta. There are five approaches regarding the conflict solution and the approaches are Accommodating Avoiding Collaborating Compromising and Confrontation Apart from all of these, to motivate the employees of the COST, leaders have taken help of the Fiedler Contigency Model. According to this model, there is no exact leadership style; the style of leadership is entirely dependent on the situation of the organization (Williams, 2002). If the management of the cost has ample amount of time then they can involve their employees in the decision making process but if the management has to take quick decision then management should use Autocratic leadership style and the employees have to obey the leaders of COST. Conclusion From the above discussion of the paper, it can derive that employees are key stakeholder of the organization and management should maintain them effectively. As it is discussed above that, the organization is suffering hard due to the clash and it is affecting the performance of the organization (Kendrick, 2012). To sustain the position of the organization in the global competitive market, it is necessary for the management to adopt several theories, which are helping the organization to reduce the challenges. Fireside Charts and Problem-busting team are the two most effective theories for managing operation of the organization. Several stages are followed for the development of the team. Teamwork is the best way to manage the cross-functional activities of the team. References Alexander, J., Lichtenstein, R., Jinnett, K., Wells, R., Zazzali, J. and Liu, D. (2005). Cross-Functional Team Processes and Patient Functional Improvement.Health Services Research, 40(5p1), pp.1335-1355. Blanchard, K., Zigarmi, P. and Zigarmi, D. (2005).Leadership and the one minute manager. New York: Morrow. Casimir, G. (2001). Combinative aspects of leadership style.The Leadership Quarterly, 12(3), pp.245-278. Chen, J. and Silverthorne, C. (2005). Leadership effectiveness, leadership style and employee readiness.Leadership Organization Development Journal, 26(4), pp.280-288. Cook, S. (2009).Building a High Performance Team. Ely: IT Governance Pub. Donnellon, A. (2006).Team talk. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. DuBrin, A. (2005).The breakthrough team player. New York: AMACOM. Glanz, J. (2002).Finding your leadership style. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Kantharia, B. (2015). Servant Leadership: An Imperative Leadership Style for Leader Managers.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kendrick, T. (2012).Results without authority. New York: AMACOM. Marques, J. (2007).The awakened leader. Fawnskin, CA: Personhood Press. Parker, G. (2009).Team communication. Amherst, MA: HRD Press. Proehl, R. (2007). Enhancing the effectiveness of cross functional teams.Team Performance Management, 3(3), pp.137-149. Transformational Leadership: The Emerging Leadership Style of Successful Entrepreneurs. (2015).JLAS, 5(1). Williams, J. (2002).Team development for high-tech project managers. Boston: Artech House.

The Program to Fight and Reduce Cyberbullying in School

Table of Contents Introduction Awareness and Familiarity Reluctance to Comply Repercussions and Justice High Performance Conclusion References Introduction The goal of establishing a program to fight and reduce cyber bullying was to improve the performance of the institution. However, the program will lead to other results. The outcomes of initiation and establishment of the program will either be positive or negative. The management of a learning institution must evaluate its activities and proceeding to ensure that the student’s education is not affected (Andras, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Program to Fight and Reduce Cyberbullying in School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the role of the administration to check the outcomes of the school proceedings. In my cases, I will evaluate the possible outcomes that could result from program initiation. Identification of the results will arm the administrator into understanding the techniques of handling issue arising due to the program. I will, therefore, table and describe a set of possible outcome and their effects in the school environment. Table of Outcomes Outcome Effects The individuals involved with the institution will be familiar with the program and aware about the rules enacted to reduce it. Awareness and familiarity of the program will create fear of participating in the bullying behaviors. Students will be reluctant to comply to the program direction. This could lead to some individual inciting others to strikes in response to the program rules. Students who practice cyber bullying will face dire consequences while those affected by the bullying will receive justice and contentment. Student who are involved in the activity will be punished in accordance to the rules set by the program. The performance of the school will improve due to less stresses and depressions associated to cyber bullyin g activities. The school will flourish and become popular due to high performance and incredible improvement within a short period. Awareness and Familiarity Students, parents/guardians and teachers will be aware about the program. This will result in holding of meeting with them. Also, students and parents will familiarize with the rules and regulations set to regulate the problem. This will, in turn, lead to further guidance of the problem by the parents. These incidences will, therefore, mark a continuous control for some time. The tradition of cyber bullying will be expected to transform into an action that student cannot practice within the school. When new students join the institution, they will learn the behavior of students who joined earlier and avoid bullying. Reluctance to Comply Hunter (2012) speculates that some individual bully others as a norm. They feel that they cannot change from it. Accepting changes is usually an issue of discussion. This is brutal in cases w here students are bound to change their strategies drastically. In this case, it could be expected that many student will be caught and punished during the initial stage when they have not adapted to the new program. Repercussions and Justice The students who do not comply with the regulations will face the consequences of their actions. Those students who are victims of bullying will report their cases to the authority. After reporting the case, it will be assessed according to the flowchart and the respective repercussions will be enacted.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More High Performance The expectation that was targeted will, also, be one of the outcomes. I expect the school to have less cases of depression. McDavid and Hawthorn (2006) stated that performance relates to the conscience of a person. Disrupted mind has low activity and leads to low perception. Undisrupted mind has hig h perception and can lead to high performance (McDavid and Hawthorn, 2006). High performance will, then, cause higher intakes in the school. The school will be famous due to improvements and achievements. Conclusion Identification of these outcomes will facilitate the determination of the next action. We become aware about any challenge that might arise and strategize ways to fight it. Determining the outcomes was, therefore, a vital step to avoid surprises after initiating the program. References Andras, P (2011). Research: metrics, quality, and management implications. Research Evaluation, 14(3), 90-106. Hunter, N. (2012). Cyber bullying. Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library. McDavid, J. C., Hawthorn, L. L. (2006). Program evaluation performance measurement: An introduction to practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. This essay on The Program to Fight and Reduce Cyberbullying in School was written and submitted by user ShaneYamada-Jones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Natural Selection Compared to Sexual Selection in the Animal World

Importance of Trifling Morphological Characters Animals do not just have colors for beautification. Various animals have colors and tints that help them to survive in the harsh conditions of the jungle. Predators are always looking for food to eat. In this regard, animals usually have colors and tint that are similar to the surrounding environment in which they live. This is highly helpful to the animals in two ways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Selection Compared to Sexual Selection in the Animal World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firstly, prey animals are able to use these colors and tint to disguise themselves and thus avoid being seen by predators from long distances. This is a survival mechanism to ensure that at least these animals live to maturity. Secondly, the colors and tint can work in favor of predators. When predators have colors and tint which is almost the same as that of their ecolo gical niche, they can be able to trap their prey making hunting easier. In this regard, the colors and tint act as a hunting aid thus ensuring survival of the predators. What Natural Selection Modification cannot Do Natural selection will modify the structure of any animal so that the animal can survive. However, natural selection cannot modify the structure of an animal to its disadvantage. Structural modification of animals is always in favor of the animals. Therefore, if an animal is to undergo modification of its structure that may lead to disadvantages in a given section, the modification will be slow. At the same time, the section will be undergoing modification so that it is to the advantage of the animal. Natural selection will always ensure that the best species survives while the unfit perishes. In this regard, when natural conditions of an area change, natural selection will not modify the structure of an animal so that it cannot survive. On the contrary, natural selectio n will always be modifying the structure of any animal so that it is fit to survive on the prevailing natural conditions. In a nutshell, structural modification by natural selection is always aimed at ensuring that animals survive. Difference between Species and Varieties One basic difference between species and varieties is that while species are animals or plants which belong to the same genus, varieties are organisms belonging to the same species but with slight differences. Different species though belonging to the same genus, usually exhibit high degree differences which range from physical to morphological. Organisms of different species may not even live in the same ecological niche. On the other hand, organisms of different varieties usually belong to the same species but exhibit minor differences. It is important to note that differences of varieties are mostly physical. Organisms of different varieties may even be occupying the same ecological niche contrary to organisms o f different species. In this regard, it is important to note that the differences among members of different varieties are of lesser degrees compared to those among members of different species. In more instances, varieties come about as a result of sexual selection.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traits Perpetuated through Sexual Selection Basic differences among animals of the same species are usually as a result of sexual selection. This includes color, shape of the mouth and other physical characters. As far as sexual selection is concerned, the characters of the dominant males are always the prevalent ones. It is important to note that sexual selection is not responsible for survival qualities of an organism. Nonetheless, sexual traits from a dominant male always prevail among the group. The trait of domineering and fighting other male members so as to remain a dominant male are a s a result of sexual selection. The offspring of a dominant male will always be good at fighting and endowed with the best fighting mechanism. On the other hand, offspring of weak male will always be in jeopardy because they do not have the requirements to protect themselves and their female partners. Natural Selection Compared to Sexual Selection Natural selection is about survival and every animal or plant that is not best suited will perish. Natural selection separates organisms with the best characters from animals with the bad characters. The results are clear to every organism; if it is not best suited it will die. On the other hand, sexual selection is about which male is strong enough to dominate and have offspring. The male can fight but it is not necessarily that death can result. A defeated male can move from that part and relocate to another ecological niche where it can continue surviving. The characters that are gained through sexual selection are important to ensure c ontinuity of the dominant male’s lineage. However, characters gained through natural selection are vital to ensure survival of the animal. Natural selection can modify an animal to ensure that it is fit to survive. However, no such modification occurs as a result of sexual selection. In this regard, natural selection is about life and death as opposed to sexual selection. A reason as to why Darwin says that sexual selection is less rigorous than natural selection. This essay on Natural Selection Compared to Sexual Selection in the Animal World was written and submitted by user Sadie U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IMO Ballast Water Exchange and Performance Standards

IMO Ballast Water Exchange and Performance Standards In order to reduce damage from aquatic invasive species the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the â€Å"International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments†. The BWM convention began with the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in 1991. Since then there have been many revisions. Some of these revisions were driven by advancing technology to remove unwanted organisms at flow rates that would not severely impact operations. Treatment of ballast water with the latest technology can meet standards at a rate of 2500 cubic meters (660,430 US Gallons) per hour. A large vessel may still take several hours per exchange to flush her ballast tanks at this rate. Flow rates and energy consumption must be acceptable to operators while producing no harmful effects on the environment. Ballast Water Standards There are two types of ballast water standards in the convention. Their differences are significant and they should not be directly compared. The first, Ballast Water Exchange, is based on specified distances and depths where a vessel may discharge. Ballast Water Performance is a standard based on the number of viable organisms allowed per unit of treated water. Some areas are instituting standards which exceed the IMO guidelines. Both California and the Great Lakes region of the United States have adopted stringent local guidelines. The US is one of many major shipping nations that have not signed the convention. Thirty nations who have a combined merchant gross tonnage of thirty-five percent of the global tonnage are needed to ratify the convention. Ballast Water Exchange The standard for ballast water exchange is fairly simple. A vessel must discharge foreign ballasts at a specified distance from shore and at a specified depth using a submerged discharge device. Regulation B-4 and D-1 of the BWM convention gives us the specifics. Exchange may take place 200 Nautical Miles (NM) from shore at a depth of 200 meters. If that is not possible for safety or other reasons then a vessel may use the next procedure.If neither of these scenarios is possible then a vessel may exchange â€Å"in an area designated by the port state†. While undertaking ballast water exchange a port state must not cause deviation or delay of a ship.Efficiency of exchange should be at least 95% of volume and must be repeated three times. Vessels which demonstrate high-efficiency exchanges may reduce the number of exchange cycles.Ballast Water Exchange should only be undertaken when the safety of the vessel and crew are guaranteed. Ballast Water Performance In the case of Ballast Water Exchange, ship operators are flushing untreated ballast out of the tanks. This is a practical if not perfect way of allowing older vessels to operate without the expense and logistical problems of ballast water treatment retrofits. New and retrofitted vessels are much less likely to transport unwanted species because the ballast water treatment systems eliminate a large proportion of the viable organisms from the ballast tanks before discharge. Systems like these significantly reduce the chances of unwanted species being introduced by inefficient exchange practices or in the event of an untreated near shore discharge for safety reasons. The IMO uses the following guidelines for the Ballast Water Exchange standard in regulation D-2. Ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms which are greater than or equal to 50 microns in size per cubic meter (264 US Gallons). For reference, 50 microns is about half the thickness of an average human hair.In addition, ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms that are less than 50 microns but greater than or equal to 10 microns per milliliter (1/1000th of a liter).Indicator Microbes may not exceed the following amounts; Vibrio Cholerae - less than 1 CFU (colony forming unit) per 100 Ml, E. Coli – less than 250 CFU per 100Ml, Enterococci – less than 100 CFU per 100Ml. Water treated to this standard is considered pure enough to discharge in most ports. These steps to re-mediate ballast water are only effective in the removal of unwanted organisms. It is still possible to carry toxins like copper and heavy metals often found in ports to other destinations in ballast water and these pollutants may concentrate in ballast tank sediment. Radioactive substances can also be transported in ballast but any serious cases would likely be found quickly by monitoring personnel.

Policy Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy Sciences - Essay Example It was more often that the advisors did not have any 'consideration of intellectual underpinnings, honesty, cumulative knowledge or independent evaluations' of the political and social scenario. There were also no recordings of the decisions and the reasons for such decisions written down. Most of advises, according to DeLeon, remained 'particularistic, ad hoc exercises' taken up when something was needed by the prince or the monarch. Documenting the decisions and supporting ideas were done during the later half of the nineteenth century. Subsequent growth of the policy science was based on the foundations and concepts that stemmed from these days. During and after World War II, there were major upheavals that were taking place all over the world. The concept of the nation state had taken firmer shape in the world and so did the concept of independence or freedom. The political economy and the political science itself underwent major changes in the way decisions were made. ... The advisors had to change their color based on the rising trend in these nation states and those states that were coming up just then. The fight against and for separatism is another major change in the thought process to become an independent state or nation! This was a serious motivator for the change in policy sciences in line with the thoughts that entered the circle. Similarly, the changes in the economic scenario and the rise of the new economic and political power in the form of the United States also meant that the entire political scene has to be reworked. While there are some uprisings that were anti imperialistic and others socialistic, all that it meant was that the advisors had a different role to play4. The social requirements and the needs of the people, had to be reflected to the monarch or to the heads of the government through these advisors or duly elected members of the parliament or governing council. Immediately after the World War II, the impact on the advisory policy took a major turn5. With more stress on economic growth and industrial growth, the rights of the labor and the people became more pronounced. In all the nations, the monarchies gave way to socialistic and democratic systems that took its power from the people. The advisory policy made a complete U turn here and slowly but steadily moved away from the monarchy and the power center shifted to the ministers or the advisory boards. And the major turn in the policy is the twist that could be visibly seen in terms of ethics and humanitarian issues6. Equality of human beings, racial equality and equality of nations were the main thrust of most of the policy advisors in this period of the policy making history. War on Poverty up to late 1970s War on Poverty was again